How Artists Represent the World Essay

Abstract artists have been greatly criticized and underestimated for their lack of culture and sophistication produced in their artwork. Interpreting, reading and deriving meaningful, useful information from abstract art requires the highest level of creative skills, and the most developed and trained imaginations. Learning how to perceive messages from art takes just as many years of conscious effort as the traditional forms of education. As a result, art perception is not a significant part of formal education, dismissing art’s literacy’s importance as requiring a special â€Å"gift. † The Beginning, painted by Barnett Newman, appears to be very simple, basic, nothing more than colorful lines pasted against a blue background. â€Å"His (Newman’s) paintings can seem to be barely doing anything at all, and yet, given time and attention, they reveal depths and subtleties of immense power. â€Å"(Denny, 2002) The Beginning clarifies the underlying patterns and natural order of life sciences, shows the invisible connections from the sky to the ocean, and forever creates new life’s beginnings. The Beginnings is an image of a crystal ball used as a window for scrying into the ocean, and eventually seeing a mirroring effect of reality. All artwork, including abstract and surrealism, created only from imagination is a window to look into reality. â€Å"Alberti, in his De pittura (1435), harnessed the technique of perspective to the theory that painting is an imitation of reality. He viewed the picture plane as a window through which one looks at the visible world. † (â€Å"Perspective,† 2007) Realism art is a mirror image reflecting tangible existing objects. Realism art is definite, showing what the artist actually sees as he or she is making up the painting. Abstract art is a lot more complexed, but is still realistic. One of abstract art’s significant contributions is clarifying the underlying patterns, and the natural order of universal life, forcing deeper parts of the imagination that normally go unused to be activated. Using imagination to interpret art helps us to understand the facts that are hidden from us. Abstract paintings are nothing more than a mixture of colors. â€Å"Whitehead systematically elaborates in his imposing Process and Reality (1929), going so far as to suggest that process, rather than substance, should be taken as the fundamental metaphysical constituent of the world. † (Irvine, 2003) Barnett Newman’s abstract, The Beginning, background color is apparently early morning sky blue or a blue sea. Metaphysically, the sea and the daybreak sky symbolizes new beginnings. The sky represents a new day, everything pertaining to the sea or water symbolizes a new life, translating into life as having constant new beginnings, reflecting a reality we can never touch. Reality is constantly moving and changing. The sky and the sea also symbolizes movement. Using the alleged symbology of the colors and the name of the art as windows, we understand Newman’s interpretation of realism, or actual visual images of the reality of life occurring in nature. The structure or underlying pattern of the atmosphere’s progressions can be viewed in The Beginning. â€Å"Chaos theory reveals an underlying pattern and order that is hidden in natural phenomena that before were considered to be merely random. † Peirce, 1996 Assuming the light blue dominating most of the abstract represents the sky or the sea, and the alleged symbols represent the beginning of a new eternity, Newman is implying that this is the hidden underlying basis of what everyone thought had no beginning, such as lightning falling from the sky. Looking at the painting right side up, lightning bolts are coming from the sky in unusual colors. To the center left at the very bottom is a splash of darker blue upon impact of the lightning bolts hitting the sea. The lightning bolts are in red, yellow and white offset colors. Between the red and white lightning bolts, a blue lighting bolt is coming down, but does not have enough power or force to complete the journey. The lightning bolt blending in with the background spatial point stops before reaching its destination. â€Å"It would be a mistake to think of a spatial point as being anything more than an abstraction; instead, real positions involve the entire series of extended volumes. † (Irvine, 2003) The lightning bolt unable to reach its destination can also be the beginning of a pattern of sequential events. The white lightning bolt is the most powerful or forceful object in the painting. A light red line runs down the center of the white lightning bolt, making the loudest splash into the sea. Then the pattern starts over. To the left is the weakest lightning bolt. Angling from the upper left corner is a vivid red appearing to ending up in front of the splash where the white bolt hit. To the far right is the yellow lightning bolt, perhaps starting its own pattern of sequential events of connecting life between the sea and skies. â€Å"Studying the process of art can provoke the beast and initiate the journey within. † (Lodato-Suppa, 1996) Barnett Newman was famous for painting colorful bands calling them zips on sky blue canvases. It appears like there was nothing to it. (Ned Denny). Visualizing art is the same thing as listening to or composing music. The impact of art speaking directly to the subconscious is so powerful the mind is completely overtaken by its presence. Music and painting selections incorporated into everyday life should be taken with great caution because of it’s powerful effect on the mind. Interpreting art is a tool guiding us individually on life’s journey. References Hall, D. , Mills. , H (1996) The Society for the Advancement of Creative Scientific Thinking Society Charter Retrieved March 15, 2008 http://ibiblio. org/scst/charter. html Irvine A. D. (2003) Alfred North Whitehead Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved Retrieved March 15, 2008 Newman, Barnett. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed. ). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=112876047 Contemporary Art. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed. ). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=112853364 Perspective. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed. ). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=112879220 Denny, N. (2002, October 7). Nothing to It: Ned Denny Discovers Great Depths and Subtleties in Emptiness. New Statesman, 131, 40+. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000662917 Lodato-Suppa, P. (1996). Awakening Picasso Learner/teacher as Artist. Education, 117(1), 106+. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000436049

Are we happier than out forefathers? Essay

The word ‘Forefather’ is the word of great honor and regard, and it may be one of the biggest controversy and irony if we entangle ourselves whether we are leading a happy life or our forefathers were. Though science and technological development has made our lives comfortable and easy, providing all luxuries and comforts yet, the side effects of it’s are worst as we have lost the peace of mind and the time has come that we people are now resisting on YOGA and meditation i.e. the teaching of our forefathers. Flourishing of YOGA and meditation centers in town and cities are the instance of it. Internet makes us close to the people of the world yet we have lost the warmth and charm of physical meetings and physical presence. The warmth and charm our forefathers felt by traveling abroad and by physical meetings to the people concern. Although science advancement has opened many phases of employment yet it is not fulfilling the proper needs of employments as we have seen the youths wandering here and there in search of jobs. In this concern, our forefathers were at much better place as heredity occupation system was in existence and children very often applied the same profession of their forefathers. Imaginations have been lost in literature arena as today mostly our findings are in the shape of Medical journals and technological journals, but the emotions, sentiments and even the voice of the people crafted by our Forefathers in their time has been totally missing out. If it is not so why so far we have not been able to give birth any other Shakespeare, Milton, Mirza Ghalib, Iqbal or Kabir Having all the advancement of science, we people have become much centralized and selfish that hardly we have enough time to take care of the emotions and sentiments of the members of our family and relatives as our forefathers stuck to it very hard.

Christmas Carol Essay

A Christmas Carol’ focuses on a very mean character called Ebenezer Scrooge, who unnaturally receives a chance to make amends for his actions towards his clients. Life in Britain in the 1800’s was very dark and gloomy, also its population was increasing rapidly. At this time and age, Britain’s industrial revolution was in full flow, thus making Britain’s population explode. Charles dickens had uncountable financial problems and was in in huge dept. In addition to this, in the fall of 1843 dickens and his wife were expecting their fifth child. Supporting his large family was difficult for Dickens. Requests for money from his family and a large mortgage had left Dickens seriously short of cash. In a way Dickens most cherished and most read books was created as a result of his own desperate need of money. Charles Dickens routinely walked the city streets, 10 or 20 miles at a time, observing the life. The descriptions in his writing seem like an exact replica of what he observed and experienced during these times. Evidence of this shown in the text. Descriptions such as ‘a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching,’ may show how Charles Dickens might have behaved when he had his desperate money problems. In this essay, I will be discussing the development of Ebenezer Scrooge’s character in Christmas Carol whilst going through each stave. Stave 1 clearly introduces Scrooge’s character to the reader. At the beginning of the stave, the first description we see is where it says: ‘The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the mourner. Scrooge signed it. ‘ From this text the reader can already comprehend that scrooge is a man who only takes credit for himself and that he despises spending money on other people. Another description presented by the text tells the reader that there is something about Scrooge’s life style that makes him very unpopular with the locals. ‘Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks’ ‘My dear Scrooge how are you’ This makes it crystal clear that scrooge is obviously not a nice person, thus making the locals shun his presence. Scrooge’s cold and cruel actions to people result in Marley’s Ghost appearing in Scrooges home. The ghost warns Scrooge that if he does not change his way of life, he will end up loosing everything and becoming just like Marley, who is dead and bound up in chains. In the second section or stave 2 of the novel, even though Marley’s ghost had gone, its presence was having an effect on Scrooge. ‘Marley’s ghost bothered him extremely’ Since no one has ever been close to changing Scrooge’s personality, this text shows a slight alteration in Scrooge’s character. In this stave, Scrooge is visited by another ghost who says to represent Christmas past. This ghost shows Scrooge his early life and how much he has changed. After Scrooge has witnessed his passed life and actions, Scrooge is moved with regret. ‘I wish’ Just these two words are very significant as they show a huge positive development in Scrooge’s character, which suggests that Scrooge is willing and hoping to change his cruel ways, and diminish descriptions of himself such as: ‘To see a heightened and excited face would have been a surprise’ Scrooge’s life is full of negative descriptions like this and he wished to make amends for his past actions. Scrooge then says something to the ghost that is very, very unusual: ‘There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night, I would like to give him something. ‘ This is probably the first time that Scrooge has ever shown any affection for anyone, which shows that the presence of the ghosts are developing Scrooge’s character in a divine way. In stave 3 of the novel Scrooge is visited by yet another ghost who says to represent Christmas present. This ghost shows Scrooge how other families, such as the clerk’s and the Cratchits. Scrooge sees that even though the Cratchits are very poor, they can have a high quality of life and be happy at Christmas. Earlier on in the novel Scrooge says a cold blooded thing concerning one of the Cratchits son called Tiny Tim who looks very frail and scrawny and much too vulnerable to the hands of death: ‘If he be like to die he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. ‘ Scrooge’s cold heart was so uncaring, that he thought that the death of a person was a benefit or an advantage to people. However, when the ghost showed Scrooge this family, his reminiscence of his past sayings had a different effect on him: ‘Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the spirit and was overcome with penitence and grief. ‘ Now that Scrooge has viewed that people can be happy without a lot of money, his former way of thinking has now disgusted him. Scrooge has now probably for the first time accepted that his way of life is detestable and needs to be changed: ‘All the things that ghost has shown him came upon his mind. He softened†¦ ‘ ‘If he would have listened he might have cultivated the kindness of life. ‘ This shows a further development of Scrooge’s character as his hard headedness had been softened and also, he now desires to have a personal quality of kindness. In stave 4 of the novel Scrooge is visited by the last of the three ghosts who represents Christmas future. In this stave scrooge is shown a group of people who are discussing a very unpopular mans death. Scrooge is puzzled by the conversation of the group until the ghost silently exposes the secret when he shows Scrooge a gravestone with his own name on it. The description of the ghost in the beginning of the stave definitely offers a hint that Scrooge’s future will be cold and dark just as his past life: ‘Shrouded in a deep black garment’ ‘It seemed to scatter gloom and mystery’ These phrases are fitting descriptions of a ghost that will bring news that is associated with death. The tone of this stave is also set with words such as; ‘Shadow’ and ‘dark room. ‘ These words give further evidence that a death orientated future awaits Scrooge. Scrooge is horrified when he sees his own gravestone, but to further upset him, he sees that his death is ‘un-watched, un-wept and un-cared for. ‘ the phrase ‘neglected grave’ shows that no one cared if Scrooge died because of the extent of the his cold-hearted actions towards people. This event made Scrooge release all of his emotions. ‘I hope to live to be another man’ His future death makes Scrooge resolve to change his way of cold way of life into a much more kind, new man. Stave 5 shows the finale of Ebenezer Scrooge’s development of character. In this stave Scrooge is shown to be a completely different man. For example, instead of sacking one of his employees for being late, he raises his salary another example is that the story says that Scrooge became like a second father to Tiny Tim. In this stave there is also evidence that points to the outcome of the story as the mood of the novel suddenly changes from a dark and gloomy mood to a more happy mood. Words such as ‘Bright’ and ‘Golden sunlight’ show that something marvellous and positive is going to happen to Scrooge and his character. These hints are fulfilled when the text says: ‘Glowing with good intentions’ Obviously from this, the reader can see that Scrooge is a changed man, and is exploding with good deeds and emotions, and instead of planning to do evil he is planning to do something obliging. Language devises such as similes are also used to show Scrooge’s development in character: ‘As happy as an angel’ This simile is used to further emphasize the alteration in Scrooge’s personality. Since Angels are portrayed to be perfect heavenly creatures it is obvious to the reader that Scrooge has made some miraculous changes from being a cold hearted, uncaring and evil man into a loving, kind and angelic new man. In my personal opinion, I believe that the presence of the ghosts were like stepping stones to the development of Scrooges character. It seemed to me that the lessons taught by the ghosts became more and more severe as Scrooge’s mind gradually softens.

Racism in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Racism in the United States - Essay Example My knowledge regarding the role of the principle of â€Å"all men are created equal† has developed to a level that I now understand Slavery was just a major economic driving force, as opposed to a basis for identifying what was morally wrong in the American colonies. It is not slavery, but the issue of race that helped solve the moral contradiction characterized by American colonies at the time. To illustrate this, it is the race that explained the reason some group of people was denied their rights, whilst others enjoyed theirs and took them for granted. I have learned that there was a similarity in the Thomas Jefferson’s policy of encouraging the assimilation of American Indians with President Andrew Jackson’s removal policy. The similarity is that both leaders sought out for the interests of the white American in the policies they advocated. It dawns on me that the policy supported the propagation of the so-called â€Å"Civilized† ways- Agriculture. I c onclude, could that the policies of both leaders were aimed at imposing the American culture on the Native Americans at any cost.  I find Thomas Jefferson different from Andrew Jackson in terms of the approach he took while in the process of furthering the interest of white Americans. To demonstrate this, Jefferson advocated the assimilation of Cherokees to the ways of Americans while Jackson displayed apathy by enforcing the removal of Cherokees. Finally, I feel that there is no gap in my knowledge regarding race because I have learned a lot.

What is visual arts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is visual arts - Assignment Example The paper "What is visual arts" analyzes the phenomenon of visual arts. Pearls, money, gold – embody the wealth and vanity, everyday pleasures of life. Scales in the woman’s hand is a semantic and geometrical approach to composition. Such scales could be found in every house of Nederland. Every province had its currency and weight measures. In order to determine the value of coin, the sellers bit it to economize. Scales were very often associated with conscience like flaring heart. â€Å"A shimmering blue cloth, open boxes, two strands of pearls, and a gold chain lie on the sturdy table. Soft light comes in through the window and illuminates the scene. The woman is so pensive that the viewer almost hesitates to intrude on her quiet moment of contemplation†. There is a big picture of the Last Judgment, the one picture is in another picture that is tool often used by Vermeer. The scales are empty, the gold is just patches of light. A woman weighs neither pearls nor gold or her own deeds waiting for the Last Judgment. She is establishing the balance between the pleasures of life and the rules set by the Church. â€Å"Vermeer emphasized this message through his superbly refined composition and lighting. The hand holding the balance, for example, occupies a position directly in front of the frame’s dark corner, while the scales are set off against the bare plaster wall—an effect that Vermeer created through subtle spatial manipulation†. Black Lines by Vasiliy Kandinsky is another perfect example of visual art.

Multi Culture Models of Health and Social Inclusion Essay

Multi Culture Models of Health and Social Inclusion - Essay Example This essay stresses that people with learning disability are always faced with a lot of difficulties when accessing health care in the United Kingdom. One major source of difficulty is that they are unable to access relevant and adequate information regarding their problems, and the various health care agencies that have the capability of solving their problems. For instance, people who are deaf are unable to get an access to certain health care advertisements, basically because these advertisements are not able to use languages that deaf people can understand. On this note, these people might not gain an access to the health care information being passed, and thus it may compromise their health status. Life expectancy of people with learning disability is also short. For instance, in the year 1929, the life expectancy of a child who was born with a learning disability was 9 years.   As the discussion highlights  in the periods of 1930s, the average death of a person living with learning disability rose to 22 years for women, and 15 years for men. However, in the current years, the average death rate for a person living with learning disability has risen to 35 years. This is still a very low age, and hence this health issue has to be tackled.   Others include low expectation of services, mainly because of a previous bad experience when they went to seek medical attention, and certain problems or diseases only associated with learning disabilities

European Monetary Union Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Monetary Union - Assignment Example In a sense, inefficient exchange of goods, because of price stability is hence discouraged and efficient economic transactions are thus promoted. With all the obvious constancy in prices, it's not all peaches and roses for an optimum currency area. One drawback is that member nation doesn't have the prerogative to pursue its own independent growth and stabilization policies when faced with economic mishaps that might require particular policy measures. Expansionary fiscal and monetary policies can address uptight circumstances of one nation in its desperate call, but another nation may require what is otherwise. Participating economies do not at all face similar problems more so granted with the same solutions at the same time. In a way, interregional and international differences are issues still too difficult to mitigate since business cycles that reflect upon the economy are diverse. By default, Europe with all the technicalities displays behavior apart from the optimal currency area criteria it requires since Euroland falls short of procedural adjustments that can offset exchange rate fluctuations given differential econo mic situations (Gobetti 1999). Essentially, this partial overview of the system of integration is the "glorified straitjacket" the European Union tried to squeeze into. It was in 1979 that the European Monetary System was announced with an aim for a superior monetary integration among its members. A single currency creation was then the extreme task to accomplish to which the European Currency Unit was a sound backdrop for its initial stage. Several rudimentary conditions and features were formulated by the EMS in order to exercise a better operation and execution of its activities without striking out of the borders of its general framework. In 1989, there was a call for convergence of economic performance. In its transition to a monetary union, the Maastricht Treaty provided conditions to be met if any nation wished to become a member. Budget deficits not over 3% of GDP; government debts not exceeding 60% of GDP and numerous issues on exchange rates gave birth to the SGP or stability and growth pact under which participating countries would operate. This was restructured in a stricter means in the belief that with respect to a smaller than 3% budg et deficit member countries to keep hold, it will be feasible to conduct expansionary fiscal policy during times of recessions (Salvatore 2001). Monetary policies are then out of the question since its initiative is foregone in monetary unions. Penalties will be imposed to nations that will violate the fiscal indicator. The Maastricht Treaty thus paved the way to a true monetary union and the ultimate goal of a single currency was met. The European Monetary Union was established and the euro was born. The adoption of the euro facilitated a more rapid economic and financial integration of member nations as it eliminated the hassles of converting local currencies to foreign denominations and even reduced cost of borrowing in international financial markets. Cross border transactions were

Project Management - Quality Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management - Quality Planning - Essay Example The quality planning process defines the approach to be adopted toward the management of project quality during the course of the project. For example, the quality manual necessitates the use of concrete blocks for the partition walls whose strength is at least 1000 psi, the quality assurance is accordingly achieved only when the blocks of specified strength are being used, and their continual checking and testing remains the responsibility of the quality control (QC) department. The QC department is supposed to carry out the tests as frequently as stipulated in the documents prepared in the quality planning process. As evident from the name, the quality planning process is designed in the planning phase of a project. In fact, it is one of the very early considerations about a project since it affects and is affected by the total project budget. However, its implementation occurs throughout the execution phase till the project closeout after the defects liability period, when contractor might have to incur additional costs to satisfy the customer in that period. This tool focuses on the comparison of costs incurred due to investment in quality and the benefits achieved thus. One way the analysis can be made is as mentioned here. For example, reduced amount of rework enhances the profits significantly. The cost of quality is weighed against the profits in terms of customer’s and client’s satisfaction, increased efficiency and improved public relations by comparing the current situation with some old project of similar nature that incurred losses because of bad quality. Benchmarking is termed as the measurement of quality for improvement. Basically, the previous quality level is taken as a benchmark and results achieved by the measurements taken to improve quality are compared with the old benchmark to analyze the progress.

Select an organisation and to develop a strategic review of its Essay

Select an organisation and to develop a strategic review of its external environment and the related issues it faces. It can be - Essay Example History of the Company Tyrrells Potato Chips Company is proudly and dedicatedly engaged in producing, farming, and processing of these potatoes into chips. This farm is located in Tyrrells Court, England. The company is progressing in this field of business for the last 20 years. The owner of the company had put extensive effort and dedication in converting his potato store into a small manufacturing factory after completing a detailed research in the field of processed foods and advanced machinery implementation and development. Tyrrells is famous for its flavors, which is the result of old grown potatoes (www.chelseamarketbasket.com, 2012). Manufacturing Process The process of Tyrrells Potato chips operations include production and harvesting of potato crop in small batches, prepared and cut into fine slices, and fried in high quality sunflower cooking oil. Lastly, these fries are packed in highly satisfactory packages sealed by using latest technology to ensure the freshness of th e potato chips. The packaging of the chips forms an additional lively image to the potato chips (www.chelseamarketbasket.com, 2012). ... Nibbles of Fritas, spicy, and Thai Chilli flavors. Tortyrrells of hot chillies, sour cream, cheddar and onion flavors (www.tyrrellscrisps.co.uk, 2012). The Business Progress The Tyrrells have made the highest volume of sales in 2008 i.e. 13 million pounds. It is reported that the owner of the company Will Chase have sold out major portion of stock of the company to the firm named as Langholm Capital for about 30 million pounds In addition, the company has originated a new subsidiary by name of Chase Distilleries, which is engaged in the production of a new kind of chips named as Vodka potato (PotatoPro, 2012). External Analysis Industry Analysis As per latest reports, the savory snack industry in UK is growing even during the times of decreased economic growth. According to the latest statistics, the savory snack market grew by 7.1% during 2011and earned a total of ?2.71 billion profit out of retail selling prices. The primary factors contributing to the success of savory snack indus try are growing fame and popularity of these snacks in the UK market, increasing number of adult lunch boxes, increasing in the trends of bag sharing adapted by manufacturers and increasing responses to the customer demand with regard to health safety and more innovative flavors (Keynote, 2011). Manufacture of potatoes has heavily dominated the snack industry as compare to simple crisps. The primary reasons behind it are growing responses of manufacturers towards customers with respect to issues pertaining to health, fats free food and lighter snack, therefore manufacturers have shifted their style of production and processing. In addition, there are higher demands of customers to introduce innovative flavors both British and exotic origins. The demand for nuts and pop corns has also

The legalisation of drugs (Class C) will benefit society as a whole by Essay

The legalisation of drugs (Class C) will benefit society as a whole by reducing crime - Essay Example Several countries throughout the world are working to decriminalize or legalise less harmful drugs such as marijuana, currently classified as a Class C drug, as a means of addressing the growing problem of the war on drugs. Rather than providing the United States and other countries with the elimination of undesirable drugs as was anticipated, the war on drugs has instead served to heighten violence, contribute to the development of organised crime, fill the prison system past capacity, consume large amounts of capital and has still had very little effect on the availability of these drugs or the numbers of individuals who use them. It has been suggested, and in some cases demonstrated, that legalizing or at least decriminalizing less harmful drugs, such as marijuana, can help to reduce the violence, significantly decrease the numbers of people incarcerated for drug use, allow more individuals to remain a contributing member of society and free up funds and manpower to combat against more harmful substances. To understand these various effects, this paper seeks to evaluate the available literature on the topic, comparing instances such as the Netherlands and England, where marijuana has been decriminalized and regulated to some degree, examine the economic theory that led to the development of the war on drugs as well as its effectiveness and net results and finally explore the types of crime that have been associated with drug trafficking and possible alternative measures to address some of these related concerns without actually legalizing marijuana. Current trends in public opinion suggest a growing interest in the decriminalization of Class C drugs, such as marijuana, as an alternative approach from the war on drugs that has proven ineffective.

The Emergence of New Consumer Culture and Its Effect During the Turn-of-the-Century Essay Example for Free

The Emergence of New Consumer Culture and Its Effect During the Turn-of-the-Century Essay The Emergence of New Consumer Culture and Its Effect during the Turn-Of-The-Century Period People living in the period from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century witnessed a huge industrial change in American society. This change led to the â€Å"opening up of huge factories, the development of electricity in the 1880s which augmented factories more than ever, the revolution in mass communication, the invention of telephone, the construction of railroads, the incredible rise of population with the rushing of immigrants into this country† (Cassuto and Eby, 2004, p. -3). More importantly, this turn-of-the-century period marked the emergence and the development of mass production and consumption, which was considered as a new kind of culture that bore fantasy to many people, especially women of all different classes, at that time. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945), an American novelist, and Kathy Peiss, a history professor at University of Pennsylvania, are both interested in this aspect of change in the society. As a result, they both published works to depict the inner lives of Americans in response to this change. Sister Carrie and Cheap Amusements are two best representations for their works. Interestingly, through reading those two novels, readers can easily tell that both Dreiser and Peiss pay more attention to young working class women when examining the new consumer culture. Sister Carrie is a novel written by Theodore Dreiser and published in 1900. Through this novel, he told readers a story about a girl named Carrie Meeber who was born into a poor family and came to Chicago to make her American dreams come true. There, she stepped into a struggle in the society where people’s social statuses were recognized through the items they had on themselves. It can be said that consumerism developed and played an important key in each of the American life from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. It cannot be denied that mass consumerism is a good indicator of the development of the industry of the country; however, consumerism indirectly makes the gap between the rich and the poor become much bigger. Production of goods definitely needs consumers. But not everybody can afford those goods. Consequently, just by looking at these goods, people could distinguish the poor from the rich and vice versa. In other words, social classes at that time were categorized based on material things. Coming from a small rural town and a poor family, the young girl Carrie was totally fantasized by the mass consumerism world she was entering in. There, she got the chance that she never had before to experience what the modern American culture looked like. Specifically, she got the chance to see what were called â€Å"genuine† products such as â€Å"real† shoes, â€Å"real† bags, and â€Å"real† clothes. Of course, she knew that these products were totally different from her outfit on her way to Chicago that â€Å"consisted of a small trunk, a cheap imitation alligator-skin satchel, a small lunch in a paper box, and a yellow leather snap purse† (Dreiser, 1982, p. 3). And just like any other young poor girls, Carrie could not resist the temptations coming from these â€Å"genuine† products. She felt jealous of higher class women who could afford enticing objects that she always dreamt of. Those kinds of feelings provoked her endless human desires. When Carrie first came to Chicago and looked for a job in a department store, she was mesmerized by â€Å"the dainty slippers and stockings, the delicately frilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, haircombs, purses† (Dreiser, 1982, p. 23). And even when her life got better, her obsession with clothing did not cease. Instead, it was built up: Fine clothes to her were a vast persuasion; they spoke tenderly and Jesuitically for themselves. When she came within earshot of their pleading, desire in her bent a willing ear. The voice of the so-called inanimate! Who shall translate for us the language of the stones? My dear,† said the lace collar she secured from the Partridge’s, â€Å"I fit you beautifully; don’t give me up. † â€Å"Ah, such little feet,† said the leather of the soft new shoes; â€Å"how effectively I cover them. What a pity they should ever want my aid. † (Dreiser, 1982, p. 106) In other words, it is the consumer culture that led Carrie to ambition for a luxurious life. The more the consumer culture developed, the more ambitious Carrie got. Indeed, Carrie left her sister, the only person she knew in Chicago to move in with Drout, a stranger she talked to in the street. The reason behind is that she got so tired of the life in which all the money she made was just merely enough to pay for the rent of her sister’s house. She could not even afford a pair of shoes for herself. She was unsatisfied with the life that suppressed her from good clothes and decided to challenge her fate. But Carrie refused to work hard; instead, she chose to use Drout as a tool for her to get things she wanted in life. Later, she was disappointed when she found out that Drout was not â€Å"genuinely† rich. She then got into an affair with Hurtswood, a married manager of a saloon in Chicago. She had high hopes that this guy could bring her a wealthy and stable life because Hurtswood did not look as â€Å"fake† as Drout. Unfortunately, one day Hurtswood collapsed. Carrie recognized that Hurtswood was not a reliable source of wealth for her anymore. She left him and continued her path of chasing after luxury by becoming an actress. So it can be concluded that Carrie manipulated both Drout and Hurtswood to climb up her life ladder. Here, Dreiser attacked on the materialism, the key character of this turn-of-the-century period. According to Dreiser, materialism destroyed what is called â€Å"humanity† at that time. Through the character Carrie, Dreiser indirectly criticized the society in which the mass production and consumption took control for bringing down the values of morality and ethics. He said, â€Å"not evil, but longing for that which is better, more often directs the steps of the erring. Not evil, but goodness often allures the feeling mind unused to reason† (Dreiser, 1982, p. 256). The â€Å"coldness† of the consumer culture is also represented through other characters in Sister Carrie. The revolution in industry and technology put pressure on each of the individual so that they had no choice but lived coldly and heartlessly. In order to survive, the relationship between family members, friends, and strangers meant nothing. Carrie’s sister and her husband took away almost all of the money Carrie earned to pay for the rent of their house. They did not even care about their younger sister when she left them and lived with a stranger. Meanwhile, to Hurtswood, his wife Julia was nothing more than a means of creating the illusion of a happy marriage, which in some ways consolidated his social status in front of other people. Another key feature of the consumer culture is that clothing was considered as an indispensable confidence booster. Carrie believed that material could bring her happiness. For an instance, Carrie assumed people living happily just by material things she saw: She imagined that across these richly carved entrance-ways, where the globed and crystalled lamps shone upon paneled doors set with stained and designed panes of glass, was neither care nor unsatisfied desire. She was perfectly certain that here was happiness. (Dreiser, 1982, p. 122) It can be inferred that in Carrie’s eyes, people without good clothes were living miserable lives. This explains for the fact that Carrie did not show any reluctance when she left her sister to move in with Drout or when she got into the affair with Hurtswood. Impressed by their appearances, Carrie regarded them as her superiors. In the first chapters of the novel, Dreiser carefully portrayed Drout in the way through which readers can easily recognize the impact it would leave upon Carrie: His suit was of a striped and crossed pattern of brown wool, new at that time, but since become familiar as a business suit. The low crotch of the vest revealed a stiff bosom of white and pink stripes (Dreiser, 1982, p. 4) Without this outfit, Drout would be nothing. Apparently, human values during that period were all about material things, especially clothing. In the consumer culture, clothing is the sign for not only for happiness but also beauty and success as well. Kathy Peiss, in her book Cheap Amusements, illustrates different forms of leisure activities of young working class women in New York from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Even though clothing and department stores are not as focused in this book as in Sister Carrie, Peiss is somehow still able to express her attitudes towards the rise of mass produced clothing. She shares Dreiser’s perspective in the sense that clothing characterizes identity, â€Å"It was in leisure that women played with identity, trying on new images and roles, appropriating the cultural forms around them clothing, music, language to push at the boundaries of immigrant, working-class life† (Peiss, p. 2). Just like Carrie, young working class women in Cheap Amusements believed that expensive clothes could really change their fates, at least making them feel like they belonged to a higher class and washing off the dirt coming from their poverty. Peiss wrote, â€Å"For newly arrived immigrants, changing one’s clothes was the first step in securing a new status in America† (Peiss, p. 63). Again, Peiss emphasizes on the strong correlation between the appear ance and social status in the consumer culture. In conclusion, both Dreiser and Peiss use their words to convey their disagreements about the American society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Consumer culture, besides speeding up the development of the society at that time, caused people a lot of sufferings from their â€Å"unceasing voice of want† which dominated their â€Å"voice of conscience† in most cases. As a result, morality and ethics became overshadowed by materialism.

Organisation for Facilitating Globalization - IMF and World Bank Essay Example for Free

Organisation for Facilitating Globalization IMF and World Bank Essay The fund is an autonomous organization affiliated to United Nations Organisation. Starting from the initial membership of 31 countries at the time of inception, the Fund has a membership of 186 countries. It is financed by various participating countries with each country’s contribution fixed in terms of quotas according to the relative importance of the national income prevalent in the country and international trade. The total financial resources of the fund is equal to the quotas of all the countries combined together. The contributed quota of a country determines its borrowing rights and voting strength. The following are the functions of International Monetary Fund: 1.Monitoring economic and financial developments of its members; 2.Providing machinery for international consultations; 3.Providing machinery for altering sometimes the par value of currency of a member country; 4.Functioning as a short term credit institution; 5.Lending institution in terms of foreign exchange; 6.Providing machinery for the orderly adjustment of exchange rates and 7.Functioning as a reservoir of the currencies of all the member nations who can borrow the currency of other nations. 8.Granting loans for financing current transactions other than capital transactions; World Bank: The International Bank of Reconstruction and Devlopment popularly known as the World Bank was formed as a part of the deliberations at Brettonwoods during 1945. It was floated in order to give loan to member countries initially for the reconstruction of their war ravaged economies and later for the development of the economies of the poorer member countries. The World Bank provides its member countries long term investment loan on reasonable terms. World Bank has granted many loans for financing specific projects. During the recent years, it has also been engaged in giving structural adjustment loans to the heavily indebted countries. The World Bank is an inter governmental institution, corporate in form whose capital stock is entirely owned by its member governments. The World Bank group consists of the following: †¢World Bank; †¢International Development Association; †¢Inernational Finance Corporation; †¢Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency †¢International centre for settlement of Investment disputes. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/international-economics-homework-help View as multi-pages

Leadership And Management Theory And Practical Application Management Essay

Leadership And Management Theory And Practical Application Management Essay As the world of business changes, so do the theories in the management and leadership. For example, if just a 5 decades ago, the major focus when running the company, was on the management, today the situation is drastically different (Lawler, 2006). Today, the leadership has taken a greater role in the process of running a company, and the management theory has undergone a tremendous evolution, giving the rise to the human relations movement (Lawler, 2006). While the new management theories have been gaining the popularity, the review below will show that, the scientific management has not lost its importance. The debate over which one is more important for a company, the management or the leadership, has been a controversial topic for decades. According to the theories currently discussed in the academic and professional circles, it seems that the opinions are divided. However, all sides seem to agree that both, leadership and management are important aspects in the process of running a company (Lawler, 2006). More on this topic will be discussed in the later chapters. At this point it has to be noted that, the leadership and management, both have their unique functions, methods of development and application, and most importantly, have their advantages and disadvantages (McGovern, 2002 ). Furthermore, which one is more exercised and applied in a company is highly dependent on the culture, history, tradition, education, and the business philosophy. In order to better understand the importance and roles the leadership and management play, three countries prospective will be discussed below: US, Germany, and China. Theory of leadership and theory of management What is leadership? While the definitions vary, it seems that there is a consensus that, regardless of the leadership theory employed, leaders provide visions, goals, and get people united behind a shared idea, values, and believes. Theories of leadership are multiple; trait theory, functional theory, transactional theory, transformational theory, path-goal theory, and many more (Van Vugt, 2011). However, whatever the theory, there are common aspects that all of them share, and that is, success of a group is a result of two factors: Leadership style. Situational favorability. The leadership style depends on the multiple factors such as: ethnicity, culture, social background, education, experience, and character (Van Vugt, 2011). Regardless of these factors, it seems the leadership approaches have been segregated in to two broad groups: relationship oriented, and task oriented. In the first case, the relationship oriented, the leaders tend to focus on the people, and try to communicate the vision based on the relationship, personalities, and values (Van Vugt, 2011). In the second case, the task oriented, the leaders try to unite people behind a task or a goal they are attempting to accomplish. The situational factors depend on: leader-follower relations, task structure, and the position power. Among them, the most notable ones are the first and the third aspects. First is the relationship a leader has with the followers, and the third one is the amount and the formal of power a leader has, and how he chooses to exercise it in leading an organization (Van Vugt, 2011). What is management? According to a classic definition, management is an act of organizing and planning of the human and material resources in order to accomplish the desired plans and objectives (Kaufman, Beaumont, Helfgott, 2003). Furthermore, management is involved in the organizing, planning, budgeting, directing, and controlling of these resources in order for the goals and objectives to be fulfilled effectively and efficiently. The management theories are numerous, but they all seem to follow the principles provided in the two dominant theories in management, the scientific management theory, and the human relations theory. The scientific management theory, also called Taylorism, is a theory which focuses on analyzing and synthesizing the work flows. The primary goal of the theory is to accomplish the superior economic efficiency, especially when it comes to the labor productivity (Kaufman, Beaumont, Helfgott, 2003). The human relations movement is a theory which views the organizations in the psychological prism rather than the mechanical parts prism. Thus, it focuses on the social relations, motivation, and the employee satisfaction (Kaufman, Beaumont, Helfgott, 2003). Discussion Management and leadership; comparative analysis The argument that leadership is more important than management is, or vise versa, has not been settled. Some argue for one, and the others highlight the importance of the other. However, they all agree that the leaders and managers provide a valuable contribution to the organizations (Lunenburg, 2011). The first one to take a stand on the roles of the leadership and management was Abraham Zaleznik, in 1977 in the Harvard Business Review (Lunenburg, 2011). He argued that, leaders and managers play a vital role in the organization, but their functions, roles, and impacts are different. According to him, leaders promote the change and development of the new approaches, while the managers advocate for the stability and the status quo. Furthermore, leaders are concerned with the peoples understanding and gaining their commitment, while the managers are focused on the responsibilities, exercising authority, and accomplishing the immediate tasks at hand (Lunenburg, 2011). However, in 1990 John Kotter has offered his view on the roles and importance of the leadership and management in the organization (Lunenburg, 2011). As he argued, the roles of the leaders and managers are important in organizations, but they are different, and they are complementary. This was a big change in how the two concepts were viewed in the business as well as the academic circles. As Kotter argued, the role of leadership is to cope with change, while the role of the management is to cope with the complexity. According to Kotter, the leadership process is focused on: developing the vision for the organization, getting people on board through the communications, and motivating people via empowerment and basic need fulfillment (Lunenburg, 2011). Thus, leadership creates change and uncertainty in the organization. On the other hand, management is concerned with: planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, and controlling and problem solving. Thus, management reduces the uncertainty and provides the stability in the organization (Paauwe, 2004 ). Thus, based on the above discussion and views, it is obvious that, depending on the views on the leadership and management, there are aspects that differentiate the two, and there are areas which may overlap. According to the older views, the overlaps are much more common and large, and according to the latest views on the roles and functions of the leadership and management, the common areas are much smaller (Paauwe, 2004). As it seems, the latest views, ones presented by the Kotter, seem to be more mainstream. In order to see the differences Kotter has advocated for, the following paragraphs will highlight the differences more precisely. Five categories of comparison between the management and the leadership will be used: thinking process, goal setting, employee relations, operations, and governance (Lunenburg, 2011). The five categories in the leadership prism (Lunenburg, 2011): Thinking process; focus is on people, and looks outward. The day to day activities are completely out of the focus and interest. Goal setting; communicates the vision, describes the future; sees a forest in other words. It uses broad strokes, general descriptions, and leaves the details to others. Employee relations; empowers people, develops trust, commitment, and builds collegial relationships. Operations; does the right things, advocates and promotes change, serves subordinates; promotes bottom up approach. Governance; uses influence, trust, respect, and acts decisively. It is less about the authority, and more about the agreement and on-boarding. The five categories in the management prism (Lunenburg, 2011): Thinking process; focuses on the tasks at hand, and focuses inward. It is about the things that need to be done in order to accomplish the vision set out by the leader. Goal setting; executes plans, oversees the processes, focuses on the present day; sees the trees in other words. Employee relations; controls, subordinates, directs, and coordinates. It is much more functioning relationship which is based on the formal foundations. Operations; does the right thing, manages and oversees the implementation of the changes, and serves the superiors in the organizational hierarchy. Governance; uses authority, reduces and prevents conflicts, and acts responsibly. Thus, as the above discussion has shown, Kotter has been right when he argued about the differences and the complementarily. As the category descriptions above have shown, the leadership is about the general visions, while the management is about getting things done. Practical applications of management and leadership As the discussion above has shown, the roles, focus, and the practice of leadership and management have changed over time. While the earlier practice and application have overlapped more, today they are much different. The practice of the leadership and management are different based on the two major factors: the environmental stability and the task complexity. Quadrant 4 Considerable leadership and management required Quadrant 3 Considerable leadership, not much management necessary High Change Quadrant 2 Little leadership but considerable management required Quadrant 1 Little leadership or management required Low Low Complexity High Figure 1: leadership and management and the impact of change and stability (BoÃÅ'ˆrsch, 2007) As you can see from the figure 1 above, there are four distinct scenarios where the leadership and management are playing different roles. The conditions and the degrees of change and complexity are expressed in the four quadrants indicated in the four different colors. As you can see, the horizontal axis represents the degree of the complexity, and the vertical axis represents the degree of change required. Lets discuss the roles of the leadership and management in each of the quadrant, representing the four scenarios organizations may face in the business environment. Quadrant 1; this is the case when there is little leadership or management is required. This environment exists when the change is not required, or the requirement is low, and the complexity of the task is low as well. This was the case before 1900s, when the technology was simple, and the demand was somewhat uniform (Brewster, 2008). Quadrant 2; this is the case when the leadership is not as important, but requires considerable management. This environment is characteristic to the slow growth or stagnant economies, where the leadership doesnt accomplish a lot, and the management is the one responsible for finding the new ways to achieve growth (Krug, 2004). Quadrant 3; this is the case when an organization faces a high turbulence in the environment, and has little complexity in the tasks to be accomplished. This environment is characteristic to the companies undergoing reforms, changing cultures, and transformation. Here the leadership takes charge, and guides the company through the tough times (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). Quadrant 4; this is the case when both, the management and the leadership is hard at work in order to stabilize the environment, and accomplish the difficult tasks (BoÃÅ'ˆrsch, 2007). This is the case in the highly volatile environments where the tasks are difficult to get done. One example would be a post soviet Russia, where companies faced considerable challenges in terms of the environment, as well as the task complexities. It was caused by the two factors; first it was the political instability. Was Russia going to adopt the capitalist system or was it going to go with the old, soviet system? Second, the lack of clarity on who was in charge, what the regulations were, and how they were applied, was a challenge, and the local managers were in charge of getting things done (Ardichvili, and Kuchinke, 2002). As the matrix above has shown, there are different circumstances, and the requirements for the roles of the leadership and management change accordingly. However, as the debate continues on which one to apply and use more, there are two combinations that might arise. First it is the weak leadership and strong management. In these companies, the focus is on the short term goals, details, reducing and eliminating the risk, and basing everything on the rational decision making process. Furthermore, the management focuses on fitting the people to the jobs, and making sure the compliance is adequate (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). The consequence of this type of governance is sometimes unintended, but nonetheless, it is catastrophic for the organizations. As a result of the weak leadership, an organization becomes rigid, less innovative, and most importantly, unable to change as the environments changes. Processes become micromanaged, and there is a slow but steady deterioration in the productivity, effectiveness, and motivation (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). In the case of the strong leadership and weak management, the situation is somewhat different. In this case, there is a strong vision for the future, but there is no short term planning and budgeting. In these types of organizations, there is cult-like culture, where there are no rules, regulations, structures, and specialization. As a result, the organization becomes hard to control, deadlines are not met, the coordination becomes poorer and poorer, and often times the organization collapses due to the lack of the day to day management (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). Thus, as the practical application of the leadership and management has shown, it is critical to strike a golden balance which will assure the long term vision, flexibility, as well as the planned and well managed procedures which will guide the company to a desired goal. Multi-country prospective: US, Germany, China When looking at the leadership and the management in the multicultural prospective, it is interesting how the approaches differ. Lets look at how the practices are implemented in the three countries. US; as it seems, the American companies are striving for balancing the management and the leaderships roles more than any other countries named below. In addition, American leaders are building their roles based on the charisma, and rely less on the power. In terms of the management, its all about the professionalism (Carter, Ulrich, Goldsmith, 2005). Germany; in the case of Germany, its all about the management, and less about the leadership. The balance can be described as 60/40. Thus, German companies put more emphasis (relatively speaking)on the getting things done, and doing them right (BoÃÅ'ˆrsch, 2007). China; in the case of China, the balance shown in the German case tips further to the managements side. In China, management is responsible for getting things done, but the leadership holds the most power (Qiao, 2006). This is not observed in any of the previous two cases. In the US and Germany, the balance of power, as well as the responsibilities, are much more evenly and adequately allocated. Conclusions As the review has shown, the roles, the views, and the overall approaches to the leadership and management, have changed dramatically over the years. While in the beginning of the 20th century, the roles were somewhat not relevant and less important, as the world economy grew and the competition, as well as the instability increased, the roles of the leaders and the managers have grown in importance (Lawler, 2006). Not only the roles have grown, but the views on which is more important, and in what context, have changed as well. As Kotter indicates, these two professions have different functions, different purposes, different scopes of operations, and are complementary rather than conflicting with one another. The earlier views which stated that leaders where promoting change and uncertainty, and the managers were for the stability for the status quo, have changed (Brewster, 2008). Today leaders dont promote the change, rather they cope with it, and the managers, they deal with the complexities. Thus, the conclusion is, leadership is critical in the changing world. They set the visions, goals, and see the bigger picture. Managers on the other hand, they are the ones who make sure things get done. They are the planners, organizers, and the fixers. In other words, the leaders are architects, and the managers are the builders; and the right balance between them is absolutely necessary in any organization.

Martians Go Home! :: essays research papers

Martians Go Home ! ... but take me with you ! (dissahc) undefined More... [Close] [Close] undefined SHORT LIST OF MARTIAN CHARACTERS IN THE STAGE WORLD (Venusians, Pans, Lizards and others also included) by Josh Nevada Below you see a list of Martian characters in the "Stage World". Martians : Martians in politics and power U.S. Government - Executive Branch Dick Cheney (U.S. Vice-President, former Secretary of Defense) Al Gore (U.S. Vice-President, 1992-2000) Warren Christopher (U.S. Secretary of State, 1993-1996) William Cohen (U.S. Secretary of Defense, Clinton Administration) Henry Kissinger (U.S. Secretary of State, Nixon Administration) Anthony Lake (U.S. national security advisor, 1993-1996) Richard Holbrooke (U.S. Representative to the U.N.) Frank Keating (Governor of Oklahoma) Andy Marshall (Pentagon's military advisor - Office of Net Assessment) A.B. "Buzzy" Krongard (Executive Director of CIA - CIA's No. 3) Robert Zoellick (U.S. Trade Representative) U.S. Senate Craig Thomas (U.S. Senator; R-Wyoming) Jim Inhofe (U.S. Senator; R-Oklahoma) Richard Shelby (U.S. Senator; R-Alabama) John Glenn (former U.S. Senator; astronaut) Learn more about their Committees assignments U.S. House of Representatives Edward R. Royce (U.S. Representative, R-California) Howard "Buck" McKeon (U.S. Representative, R-California) Lois Capps (U.S. Representative; D-California) Tom Lantos (U.S. Representative; D-California) Jim Leach (U.S. Representative; R-Iowa) Jerry Moran (U.S. Representative; R-Kansas) Anne Northup (U.S. Representative; R-Kentucky) Jo Ann Emerson (U.S. Representative; R-Missouri) Kenny Hulshof (U.S. Representative; R-Missouri) Michael R. McNulty (U.S. Representative; D-New York) Curt Weldon (U.S. Representative; R-Pennsylvania) John Thune (U.S. Representative; R-South Dakota) John J. Duncan, Jr. (U.S. Representative; R-Tennessee) William Jenkins (U.S. Representative; R-Tennessee) Tom Petri (U.S. Representative; R-Wisconsin) Learn more about their Committees assignments U.S. - Businessmen Michael Bloomberg (businessman, owner of the Bloomberg conglomerate) Steve Ballmer (CEO, Microsoft) British politicians Tony Blair (UK Prime Minister) Robin Cook (UK Foreign Secretary) Martin McGuinness (Northern Ireland's Education Minister, ex-IRA) Other countries Vladimir Putin (Russian Prime Minister) Gerhard Schroder (German Prime Minister) The Pope John Paul II Yukio Hatoyama (head of Japan's Democratic Party) Hugo Chavez (the President of Venezuela) Leonid Kuchma (the President of Ukraine) Martians in Hollywood (Who said Martians don't combine with entertainment ?) Mel Gibson Tom Hanks Meg Ryan Antonio Banderas Jean Claude Van Damme Ed Harris Michael Keaton Bill Paxton Gary Sinise Brendan Fraser (from "The Mummy", "Blast from the past") Goldie Hawn Eric Stoltz (from "Memphis Belle") Tom Hulce (protagonist of "Amadeus") Milla Jovovich (protagonist of "The Fifth Element") Natassja Kinski Catherine-Zeta Jones Uma Thurman Annete Benning Christopher Walken Denzel Washington Donald Sutherland Pat Morita (Miyagi, the Japanese master in "Karate Kid") Roger Moore Hutger Hauer (from "Blade Runner, "Crossworlds") Eric Idle (from British comedy group "Monty Phyton", now on Sony's TV show "Suddenly Susan") Malcom McDowell (from "Clockwork Orange", "Cat People") Ray Walston (Uncle Martin in the classic TV show "My Favorite Martian") James Stewart (protagonist of several Hitchcock movies)

The Role of the Gods in Homers The Iliad Essay -- Iliad essays

The Role of the Gods in Homer's The Iliad "We everlasting gods....Ah what chilling blows we suffer-thanks to our own conflicting wills-whenever we show these mortal men some kindness." This exert clearly states what kind of authority Homer has bestowed on his Gods. John Porter said," their constant interference in the lives of the mortals, which seems to cast them in the role of malicious puppeteers, while reducing Homer's heroes to mere pawns in a selfish and often rather petty divine game of one-upmanship." I found it to be quite disturbing imagining these characters fighting in such a mercilous war, giving every ounce of strength they had, and in an instance, all of their efforts could be derailed by a God or Goddess. You almost have to wonder if these 'heroes' really have any control whatsoever, or if they are there for the pure amusement of others. Porter also mentions the morality of the Gods'. He points out that the gods display many of the same values that we criticize the heroes of having. " They are as jealous of their honors (time) as are Agamemnon and Achilles i...

Enron Essay -- essays research papers

Integrative Case – The Downfall of Enron Part I 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ken Lay served as CEO and chairman and Jeffrey Skilling also served as CEO. They both were responsible for planning, organizing, controlling and leading the company. They set goals for the company and organized how they would be achieved. Kay’s role was as the figurehead and the leader. He also served as the spokesperson for the company and made many of the decision on the future of the company. As CEO’s they both possessed effective communication skills, where decisive, which was evidenced by their vision for the company and refusal to admit wrong even at the end, and visionary. Throughout Lay’s tenor the company continued to grow and prosper at a fast pace. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The challenges faced were those of a changing workforce, competitiveness, and globalization, as well as ethics and social responsibility. While many companies were downsizing in the mid-1980s, Enron continued to grow and expand despite their lofty goals. They ventured out into foreign markets to be more competitive. The workforce also became more diverse and the characteristics changed. Employees during Enron’s tenor were less devoted to long-term career prospects; instead they were more interested in financial gain at any cost. Ethics seemed to be a secondary thought for most people during Enron’s time. To meet these challenges Enron executives had to make working for their company more attractive and lucrative. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The contributing factors to their ineffectiveness were poor planning and leadership. The company grew to quickly. In their desire to grow and expand, the company’s senior management did not establish and follow ethical practices that would sustain the company. Controls were not established in key places, such as, accounting practices and principles. Senior management failed to appropriately manage the activities of lower level managers and set a bad example. Part II – The People 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enron sought out young, ambitious, recent college graduates and placed them in entry-level positions and then gave them the autonomy to make big trade decisions. The few star performers were promoted very quickly. Taking this hiring approach benefited the company because it kept labor costs low due to the employee’s inexperience. It also ... ...y grew and prospered very quickly. Employees were motivated to be creative and come up with the next great idea or innovation to increase revenue. These values also hurt the company because it put constant pressure on employees to achieve and constantly pushed them to excel in order to produce more revenue for the company and advance in the company. This forced employees to use unethical practices. They were often left to use their own devices to achieve the aforementioned results. There were no checks in balances in place with respect to managing subordinates. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizations must change in order to meet the needs of the changing workplace, environment, technology, and economy in order to be competitive. Change is good for an organization if it is done in a controlled and structured manner. Change is also risky because it is often met with resistance. For example, people may feel threatened and fear power loses and subsequently, resists the change. Change can also be ineffective if it is narrow and doesn’t concern itself with people and is over determined. In Enron’s case, the organization was constantly changing with no collective rhyme or reason.

A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC

A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTCL First A. Writer,Appellation, Organization, Second B. Author, and Third C. Author, Jr. , Designation, Organization Abstraction— Power system province appraisal with the sole deployment of synchronal phasor measurings demands that the system must be wholly discernible with PMUs merely. Direct measuring of stage angles of current and electromotive force phasors are now possible by Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) . To hold lesser figure of PMUs, the arrangement job in any web is considered as an optimisation job. This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. The proposed algorithm clusters the coachs into many sub groups and the maximal connectivity coach is selected as the heading coach. The PMU is placed on the heading coach to pull off the affiliated coachs for complete system observability. This paper analyses the proposed algorithm for the undermentioned three instances: 1. Without PMU loss, 2. With individual PMU loss, and 3. Zero Injection Bus. The simulation consequences for IEEE coach and the KPTCL coach syste ms are presented and compared with the bing attacks. The proposed consequences show that the method is simple to implement and supply the accurate PMU arrangement. Index Terms— IEEE Bus, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited ( KPTCL ) , Optimal PMU Placement, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) , and Power System State EstimationI. IntroductionPower public-service corporations are confronting legion menaces of security of operation due to the over stressed power web in the today’s competitory power market scenario. Phasor Measurement Unit ( PMU ) is an measuring device which is used to mensurate the current and electromotive force. It uses the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) pulsation to ease the synchronised measurings of existent clip phasors of currents and electromotive force. A power system is said to be recognizable when electromotive force phasors at all the coachs are known. Harmonizing to Ohm’s Law, if a PMU is placed at the coach, so the neighboring coachs besides become discernible. Obviously, when PMUs are placed at all the coachs of the web, and the measurings fo r all the PMUs are communicated to the control units, so the electromotive force phasors at all the coachs would be known. This attack can alter the traditional appraisal to province measuring. PMUs are already installed in several public-service corporations for assorted applications around the universe such as province appraisal, adaptative protection and system protection strategies. Other application Fieldss include stableness monitoring, Wide Area Monitoring and Control ( WAMC ) and efficient system use. In the traditional power systems, the coachs are monitored utilizing the conventional measurings from electromotive force and current transformers and the informations are forwarded to the Energy Management System ( EMS ) through the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA ) system. It collects the existent clip measurings from the Remote Terminal Units ( RTUs ) placed in substations. This attacks are non able to supervise all the measurings across a broad country power system because the informations are non time-synchronized [ 1 ] . PMUs are an indispensable portion of smart grids and therefore the rate of PMU installings are increasing. In the emerging engineering, the major issue demand to be addressed is the arrangement of PMUs, which is influenced by the awaited system applications. The major factor restricting the figure of PMU installings are their cost and the communicating installations. Hence, the cost and communicating restraints of PMUs have been motivated the r esearch workers to place the minimum PMU installing for the awaited applications. Puting PMUs on all coachs of the power system consequences a complete observability of the system. Since, a coach is observed if a PMU is placed on it or some of its adjacent coachs, it is neither economical nor necessary to transport set such installings. As a effect, a job called Optimal PMU Placement ( OPP ) job has been occurs. The purpose of this paper is to place the optimum figure of PMUs to do the KPTCL topologically discernible. Here, a PSO based Clustering Algorithm is proposed to constellate the coachs. The heading coach is selected based on the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The heading coach is placed with the PMU to supervise the other affiliated coachs. The PMU arrangement scheme confirms the system observability during the normal on the job conditions and besides the individual PMU failures. The proposed method is found to be simple, fast and accurate in calculation. The proposed method is applied on IEEE-6, IEEE-7, IEEE-9, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 coach systems and KPTCL power maps for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach systems to verify the proposed algorithm public presentation. The staying portion of the paper is organized as follows: Section II involves the plants related to the bing algorithms for optimum PMU arrangement job. Section III involves the description of the proposed PSO based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. Section IV involves the public presentation analysis of the proposed work. The paper is concluded in Section V.II. Related PlantsWith the figure of PMUs estimated for installing in the close hereafter, both the public-service corporations and research workers are looking for the optimum solutions to their arrangement. The solutions for the optimum PMU arrangement job can be classified into two types: mathematical and heuristic algorithms. Some of the bing plants related to the optimum PMU arrangements are discussed. Integer scheduling is a mathematical scheduling attack for work outing an optimisation job holding whole number design variables.Singhintroduced an whole number programming based methodological analysis fo r the optimum arrangement of PMU. It reduces the cost of installing and ease the full power system observability. The zero injection coachs construct was used to further cut down the figure of PMUs. Integer programming helps to supply multiple consequences if the adjacent coachs to zero injection coachs were non handled decently. The best consequences was selected based on the [ 2 ] .Fan and Watsonproposed a multi-channel PMU arrangement job and their solution. Here, a close relationship among the PMU arrangement job and the authoritative combinatorial job were identified [ 3 ] . Roy et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement attack for power system observability. Here, a three phase optimum PMU arrangement method was formulated based on web connectivity information. Phase 1 and present 2 of the algorithm iteratively estimate the less of import coach locations to extinguish the PMUs and estimates where the PMUs were retained. The last phase reduces the figure of PMUs utilizing the pruning operation. The optimum set of PMU locations were obtained for web observability [ 4 ] .Manousakis and Korresdesigned a leaden least squares algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. A quadratic minimisation job with uninterrupted determination factors were formulated capable to the nonlinear observability restraints. The optimum solution was obtained by an unconstrained nonlinear weighted least squares method [ 5 ] .Mahari and Seyediproposed a Binary Imperialistic Competition Algorithm ( BICA ) for optimum PMU arrangement. The zero injection coach was considered for all probes to obtain the suited replies. In add-on to the traditional regulations, new regulation was besides generated. It helps to cut down the figure of PMUs arrangement [ 6 ] . Tai et Alproposed a Random Component Outages ( RCO ) for optimum PMU arrangement for power system appraisal. The optimum locations were chosen to cut down the province appraisal and mistake covariance [ 7 ] .Sodhi et Alpresented an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system. A two phase PMU arrangement attack was proposed. Phase 1 identifies the minimal figure of PMUs to do the system topologically discernible. Phase 2 was proposed to place if the resulted PMU arrangement outputs to a full graded measuring Jacobian. A consecutive riddance algorithm was proposed to place the optimum locations of extra PMUs [ 8 ] . An Exhaustive hunt is an optimisation technique which consistently enumerates all possible campaigners for the solution. It chosen the campaigner which satisfy the restraints at the optimal nonsubjective map value. It guaranteed the determination of the planetary optimum but it was non suited for big scale systems with immense hunt infinite.Azizi et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement by an tantamount additive preparation for thorough hunt. The province appraisal was implemented based on the complete additive arrangement [ 9 ] . Fei et Al[ 10 ] discussed an optimum PMU arrangement based on the limited thorough attack. An about optimum PMU arrangement ( AOPP ) was established in order to place the seeking infinite. AOPP was deterministically retrieved by elaborate power system province observability analysis. The impression of coach neighbour was defined to deduce the seeking infinite of limited thorough attack. The heuristic algorithms applied for optimum arrangements are Familial algorithm, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Immune Algorithm, Iterated Local Search ( ILS ) , Crossing Tree Search ( STS ) , Greedy Algorithm, Recursive Security N Algorithm, Decision Tree and Practical Heuristic Algorithm.Hajian et Alintroduced an optimum PMUs arrangement to keep the web observability utilizing a modified BPSO algorithm. An optimum measuring set was estimated to obtain the full web observability during normal conditions. After any PMU loss or individua l transmittal line outage, the derived strategy in normal status was modified. Observability analysis was carried out based on topological observability regulations. A new regulation was added to minimise the figure of PMUs for complete system observability. A modified BPSO algorithm was used as an optimisation tool to acquire the minimum figure of PMUs and their corresponding locations [ 11 ] . Sharma and Tyagidesigned an optimum PMU arrangement attack based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization ( BPSO ) with the conventional measurings. Quadratic scheduling was used in BPSO algorithm. A method for pseudo observability was introduced for deepness one and depth two with and without zero injection measurings. It was tested on IEEE-7, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 coach system utilizing BPSO technique [ 12 ] .Peng et Alformulated a multi nonsubjective optimum PMU arrangement utilizing a non-dominated sorting differential development algorithm. It is an organic integrating of Pareto non-dominated sorting operation and the differential development algorithm. It enhances the single crowding mechanism and common mechanism [ 13 ] .El-Zonkoly et Alproposed an Improved Tabu Search ( ITS ) for complete observability and out of measure anticipation. The system was based on numerical observability and unreal intelligence. ITS was used to place the optimum arrangement for the PMU to maint ain the system wholly discernible. A Predictive Out of Step ( OOS ) algorithm was proposed based on the observation of the electromotive force stage difference among the substations [ 14 ] .Aminifar et Alformulated an optimum PMU arrangement based on probabilistic cost or benefit analysis. The decrease of system hazard cost was recognized as the benefit linked with the development of broad country measuring system [ 15 ] . Das et Aldesigned a simulation of broad country measuring system with optimum phasor measuring unit location. These measurings were by and large taken for every 4 to 10 seconds offering a steady province position of the power system behaviour. It was implemented on IEEE six coach system [ 16 ] .Jamuna and Swarupproposed a multi-objective biogeography based optimisation for optimum PMU arrangement. Here, the coincident optimisation of the two conflicting aims like minimisation of the figure of PMUs and maximization of the measuring redundancy were performed. The Pareto optimum solution was obtained based on the non-dominated sorting and herding distance. The compromised solution was selected based on the fuzzy based mechanism from the Pareto optimum solution [ 17 ] .Ghosh et Almade a dependability analysis of GIS aided optimum PMU location for smart operation. It look into the impact of topological properties on commissioning PMUs. Reliability was ensured through assorted PMU connecti vity constellation [ 18 ] .Peppanen et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement with binary PSO [ 19 ] .Abiri et Alintroduced an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological observability of power system. A revised preparation for the optimum arrangement job of the sorts of PMUs was presented [ 20 ] .III. PSO Based Cluster Formation For Optimal PMU PlacementPower system observability is indispensable for placing the existent clip monitoring and province appraisal of the system. PMUs enable advanced solutions to bing public-service corporation jobs and supply power system engineers a whole scope of possible benefits:Accurate appraisal of the power system province can be obtained at frequent intervals,Permiting dynamic phenomena to be observed from a main location and suited control actions are taken.Post perturbation analysis will be much improved for the PMU arrangement job, which is obtained with the precise images of the system states through GPS synchronism. This subdivision proposed a PSO based Optimal PMU Placement in power systems. The aim of this method is to supply the optimum arrangement of PMUs, which can do the system discernible and to maximise the measurement redundancy of the system. Fig.1 shows the flow of the proposed method. Initially, the coach system is taken and each coach is considered as a node. Each node connectivity is updated in the binary tabular array. Here, we are sing the undermentioned three instances:Without PMU LossWith PMU LossZero InjectionsA. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Cluster Formation for Optimal PMU PlacementPSO is an optimisation algorithm which facilitates a population based search process in which single are termed as atoms. Here, the PSO algorithm is used to constellate the coachs for optimum PMU arrangement. Each atom contains a PMU arrangement constellation for a power system. It represents that each atom is constructed by binary dimensions, such that each coach of the power system has a di mension which indicates the being of a PMU in that coach, it is equal to 1, otherwise 0. Algorithm 1: PSO based Cluster Formation Input signal:Connectivity inside informations of the given coach system 1: Create binary tabular array for the given coachs as ForI = 1 to figure of coach ForJ = 1 to figure of coach Ifcoach ( I ) connect to bus ( J ) Matrix element represent as 1 Else Matrix element represent as 0 End If End For End For 2: D= Sum ( degree Fahrenheit ( x ) ) 3: L = soap ( vitamin D ) 4: Calculate the coach connexion for LThursdaycoach and topographic point PMU on that coach 5: Update the binary tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array 6: Initialize atoms 7: Position of atoms = ‘x’ and ‘y’ organizing points of coach location. 8: Speed = random ( figure of coachs ) 9: Check fittingness for given place by utilizing nonsubjective map. 10: Minimum ( F_Position ) 11: 12: Position = Position + Velocity 13:ForK = 1 to loop IfPresent_fitness & A ; lt ; Last_fitness Update fittingness value End If Update speed and place. End For 14: Find upper limit ( fitness_value ) , mf = soap ( fittingness ) 15: Topographic point PMU on that coach. 16: Update double star tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array. 17: Cringle to Step 6 until binary table gets empty. 18:Ifthe PMU placed at merely one coach, Check the nearest coach and made connexion between them and update bunch. 19:End If The proposed algorithm is applied on the three instances for optimum PMU arrangement.B. Case 1: Without PMU LossIn this instance, the zero injection and the flow measuring are ignored. To explicate the restraint set, the binary connectivity matric is formed whose entries are defined in the undermentioned equation: ( 1 ) The matrix can be straight calculated from the coach entree matrix by change overing the entries in the binary signifier. See the six coach system The binary tabular array B is defined as ( 2 ) The restraints for this instance is, ( 3 ) From the binary tabular array, place the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The tabular array shows the maximal connectivity is occurred in coach 3. Hence, coach 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are eliminated from the binary tabular array. Then, the binary tabular array can be updated as, ( 4 ) After executing the PSO based constellating algorithm, the PMU is placed on coach 1 and bus 3, which is shown in fig.3.C. Case 2: With loss of PMUIt is considered as each coach is discernible by individual PMU and these PMUs are placed by the proposed bunch algorithm. Hence, the arrangement of PMUs are extremely dependable but, if any perturbation occurred in power system or due to maintenance purpose any of the PMUs topographic points is out from the system. If any of the PMU is disconnected, so some of the coachs are connected to that PMUs are non remain discernible. In order to get the better of such unexpected PMU failures, a scheme is considered for individual PMU loss. It can be achieved if all the coachs are observed by at least two PMUs. These are operated as two sets,Primary setBackup setIf suppose the PMU from primary set is non working decently, so the backup set will take the duty to detect the coachs. To obtain the twosome of PMUs, the restraint and nonsubjective map wil l stay same by merely modifying the alteration in matrix f. In this instance, the elements of degree Fahrenheit is equal to 2 alternatively of 1. It is defined as follows: ( 5 ) This instance place the PMU for supervising the individual coach by two PMUs. Other than the nonsubjective map, the stairss are same. The new restraint map can be constructed as follows: ( 6 )D. Case 3: Zero InjectionZero injection coachs are the coachs from that no current is passed into the system. Zero injection correspond to the reassigning nodes in the system. If zero injection coachs are besides designed in the PMU arrangement job, the full figure of PMUs are farther minimized. See the undermentioned illustration for zero injection on six coach system where coach 2 is considered as the zero injection coach. Now, the restraint for zero injection coach can be written as follows, ( 7 ) From the above equation, it is identified that the coach 3 has maximum connectivity. Hence, PMU is placed on the coach for full system observability.IV. Performance AnalysisTo measure the public presentation of the proposed method, the optimum arrangement of PMU job is solved for IEEE criterion coach system and KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power systems. The KPTCL power coachs are shown in fig.6. The consequences of the proposed method for IEEE coach system is illustrated in table 2. Here, IEEE-6 coach, IEEE-7 coach, IEEE-9 coach, IEEE-14 coach, and IEEE-30 coach system are considered for rating. Table 2 provides consequences for the three instances of IEEE coach systems. We collect the information from the KPTCL 220 and 400 kilovolt power system. Here, the PMU arrangement is obtained merely for the instance 1 ( without PMU loss ) . Hence, we proposed an algorithm to obtain the PMU arrangement, which suits for all the three instances ( with loss, without loss, zero injection coach ) . Table 3 provides the entire figure of PMU arrangement collected from the KPTCL. Whereas table 4 provides the proposed consequence for the given power system. The proposed method consequences for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach system in all the three instances.V. Conclusion and Future WorkIn this paper, a PSO based bunch formation algorithm is proposed to work out the optimum PMU arrangement job.

Sparate Peace

In the novel Separate Peace, John Knowles uses both positive and negative scenes throughout the novel. John Knowles does this to show how the setting can affect the characters and the events that are being taken throughout the novel. Knowles introduces right away that there are two big scenes, the summer session and the winter session, both playing big roles in the story’s plot and theme.The summer session would represent peace and the winter session would represent the distress brought on by World War II, the shift between them clearly confirms that Knowles intended to show how completely and abruptly the war overtook the peace at the summer session. Knowles uses the summer session setting to symbolize peace.Knowles uses the positive setting described in this quote to reveal the importance of the setting: â€Å"They (elms) too seemed permanent and never changing, an untouched, unreachable world high in space, like the ornamental towers and spires of a great church, too high to be enjoyed, too high for anything, great and remote and never useful†. Knowles describes the setting like this to create a peaceful image representing the summer session as a time of peace.This also brings a vividly peaceful image to mind further connecting the concepts of summer and peace together which is later conquered by the war elements of winter. Knowles uses the winter session setting to symbolize the distress of the war. Knowles uses this as the negative setting in the novel. In this quote, he describes the importance of the setting: â€Å"Not long afterward, early even for New Hampshire, snow came†¦They gathered there, thicker by the minute, like noiseless invaders conquering because they took possession so gently.I watched them whirl by my window-don’t take this seriously, the playful way they fell seemed to imply, this little show, this harmless trick†. Knowles uses words such as invaders and conquering to connect this image to the war zone. T his shows Knowles’ elements of the war and how it overtook the peace present and the Devon School. Knowles also writes that these elements of winter conquered the life of nature which had previously been a symbol of summer.This strengthens his intent of highlighting how the war element of winter took over the peace of summer. The change between the previous positive setting of summer and the negative setting of winter represents the effect the war had on the peace at the Devon School. The time that Finny and Gene spend at the beach represents the peak of the summer. However, overnight it is followed by this description of the ocean: â€Å"The Ocean looked dead too, dead waves hissing mordantly along the beach, which was gray and dead looking itself†.Here Knowles uses words such as â€Å"dead†, â€Å"hissing†, and â€Å"grey†, which have a negative meaning, to create a powerful negative setting scene in the novel. This causes an unexpected contrast between negative and positive settings. This piercing contrast between the beach and a â€Å"dead† ocean, which meets the beach at the shore with the hissing of dead waves, foreshadows the sharp contrast between the peace of summer and the distress of winter that meets the summer of Finny’s fall.This event is the symbolic fall of peace to the distress of war. Knowles cements this fact with stating the setting of the situation just before his fall, claiming that â€Å"From behind us the last long rays of light played across the campus, accenting every slight undulation of the land, emphasizing the separateness of each bush†. The last long rays of light show the end of summer because the end of the long days marks the beginning of autumn season due to daylight savings time.Since the summer session represents peace and the winter session represents distress, this shows that Finny’s fall from the tree marks the fall of peace to distress. John Knowles use of s etting scenes strengthens his idea in the novel of the peace at Devon school being overtaken by the elements of World War II. This is done by the addition of positive settings of summer which represent the peace at the school; and winter, which represents the invasion of the war and the piercing contrast between these two types of settings at certain scenes throughout the novel.

History Of Information Technology Essay

The history of the Information Technology has been divided into four periods Pre Mechanical (3000BC-1450AD). Mechanical (1450AD-1840AD). Electro Mechanical (1840AD-1970AD). Electronic (1970AD-Today) These periods are categorized with successful breakthroughs. The first economical computer was introduced in the year 1946, which is called Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIC). The general purpose computer was developed in the name of UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) in 1940. Before it came into usage Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) came out and became the world’s first commercial computer. After this, there was a rapid development in the information technology starting from 1969-today, with the continuous development in the features of the computers. ARPANET is introduced in 1969, which is funded by the defence. First single chip processor was introduced by Intel and named as Intel 4004 in 1971. Graphical User Interface and Mouse are experimentally used by The Xerox Paulo Alto Research Center in 1973. The first electronic spreadsheet program was used in 1979. In 1981, IBM introduced first personal computer with operating system developed by Microsoft. . When did it (Information Technology) begin to impact society? The impact of science and technology on society is very high. The impact created by the information technology is even higher. It revolutionized the structure of the management and nature of competition in many of the industrial sector. IT became one the important service sector in many countries. In developed countries like USA it amounts to 74% of GDP, 76% of the national employment and also a trade of about $ 52 billions. Generally service sector includes technology-intensive and technically sophisticated firms in banking, insurance, transportation, health care, professional and personal services. IT with its advantages such as less expensive, more portable, better integrated and better embedded in many devices is in a position to reach out quickly. New applications and interactive multimedia systems for business, home entertainment, and communication purpose has enhanced the scope of IT and likely to evolve and also likely to have a profound effect on industry structure, employment and economic growth. Now a day’s world economy is booming with white – collar services rather than the blue collar services. The white collar services include research, education, design, accounting, marketing, logistic planning, communication, information management etc. these types of activities are important to the individual service industry. The standard of the living and the competitiveness in the world trade will be determined on how the information technology is deployed and used. Society is a broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, collective activities and interests. The integration of society and information technology can be seen in two areas, first the institutions and next the collective activities of the society. IT has influence on the common traditions such as customary pattern of thought, action or behavior and even religious practice or a social custom. With easy access to information, change is observed not only among people within, but through out the world. The social attitude of the citizens has also changed tremendously and every one is expecting various elements of that society to be better informed than before. They are getting more information regarding the subject matter of their choice and about the specific product. With the availability of information they are in a position to know about the services of any organizations and even its back ground. The institutions such as Governments, commercial businesses, News and Media organizations, Educational organizations also have profound influence on the society using the information technology. With the IT development the government is able to give the data easily and the people are able to receive information with out going to the government offices. There is lot of improvement in the e-governance too. IT also improved defense capabilities by helping government in gathering intelligence information. Information technology has helped commercial business activities by offering different software with advances of computer aided design, spread sheets, word processing software not only helped this branch commercially but also automated their business process. Use of internet and satellite television by News and Media organization is a perfect example of Information and Technology’s success. Education system became even closer to the students with the online studies. Even the researchers are able to make their research with wider source of information with in less time. What is the impact of technology on: Individuals Every individual is a part and parcel of the society. For the development of society proper interaction is also necessary. The IT has enhanced the scope of interaction among the members of the society. Introduction of online debates and online voting helped each individual to become part and parcel of administration system and giving a true meaning to Democracy. People are using emails, chartrooms, blogs etc,. Society is able to distribute information quickly, efficiently and cheaply. Society now expects the creation of new information to be facilitated by these new technologies Individual’s education became easy with the recent development in IT. gathering and storing information has become routine. . He is able to do online courses for his academic career, getting the online tutors etc. His mode of education has imparted several new technologies with the technical advancements. Now the designing work, architectural work etc, had been automated with the technical advancement. Information and technology has its mark on Economic reforms as well. In the modern world superior technologies have automated business process there by bringing pace in business activities. Invest management got organized with use of technology. The government has played major role in developing technology in many ways. The US Government invested billions of rupees to develop technology and with aim of making economically sound. Information Technology not only cost effective, it has helped individual to make decisions faster. As decision making has direct impact on profitability, with easy access to all the relevant data. In the due course wastage in terms of time, money and labor has drastically reduced.